Contour lines Terrain cartography

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contour lines (or isohypses) isolines showing equal elevation. common way of numerically showing elevation, , familiar topographic maps.


most 18th , 19th century national surveys did not record relief across entire area of coverage, calculating spot elevations @ survey points. united states geological survey (usgs) topographical survey maps included contour representation of relief, , maps show relief, exact representation of elevation, came called topographic maps (or topo maps) in united states, , usage has spread internationally.



siegfried map of bernina pass (1877) black, blue , brown contour lines @ 30-meter intervals


on maps produced swisstopo, color of contour lines used indicate type of ground: black bare rock , scree, blue ice , underwater contours, brown earth-covered ground.








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