Contenders for stacte Stacte

1 contenders stacte

1.1 myrrh extract
1.2 storax
1.3 opobalsamum / mecca myrrh
1.4 liquidambar

contenders stacte
myrrh extract

most ancient sources refer stacte being produce of myrrh. variously described transparent parts separated or extracted myrrh resin, myrrh exudes spontaneously tree, or product of myrrh heated on fire.

the ancient greek botanist theophrastus described manufacturing of stacte: myrrh, when bruised flows oil; in fact called stacte because comes in drops slowly. ancient roman historian pliny, in natural history, described stacte as, liquid exuded naturally myrrh tree before gum collected man-made incisions. pancirollus described myrrh drop or tear distilling tree in arabia felix, , stacte drop of myrrh, extracted it, , yielding precious liquid. dioscorides wrote stacte made myrrh. recorded after having bruised myrrh , dissolved in oil of balanos on gentle fire, hot water poured on it. myrrh , oil sink bottom deposit; , has occurred, strained off water , squeeze sediment in press. stoddart, lists myrrh balm, informs myrrh—after clear stacte has passed through—is reddish brown . . . stacte thinnest moiety of myrrh, best of forced through tiny holes in intact bark @ start of spring. pomet wrote obtain stacte 1 must first gather myrrh flows spontaneously tree , portions of resin clear , transparent, apt crumble, light. says choose myrrh when broke, has little white spots in it. told stacte liquid part found in center or middle of lumps or clots of myrrh. pomet wrote stacte first gather d tree without force, , press d myrrh . . . there prepar d it, extract, oil or liquor of myrrh.

the gerrhaean tribute antiochus iii in 205 bc included 1 thousand talents of frankincense , 2 hundred of stacte myrrh.

cant. 5:5 reads, “i rose open beloved; , hands dropped myrrh, , fingers stacte” referring myrrh , stacte seems have exuded it. seem agree sauer , blakely note stacte extracted myrrh.

abrahams informs “with regard tabernacle incense, scholars agree term stacte of latin , greek origin, , stacte represents myrrh. a. lucas informs in no uncertain terms stacte indeed product of myrrh tree. tucker says “common myrrh obtained commiphora myrrha; species . . . stacte, obtained.”

r. steuer, in scholarly paper stacte in egyptian antiquity, gives convincing argument in favor of stacte being product of myrrh tree in ancient egypt.

storax

storax (styrax officinalis, syn. s. officinale) species belonging family styracaceae. many modern authorities identify stacte gum of storax tree , commonly referred writers styrax officinalis. 1 source states stacte “the product of storax . . . [t]he septuagint name stacte, derived verb stazo, flow. metonymy name of product, probably, transferred tree—as case in many other instances among ancient israelites . . . [it] must not moment confused or confounded liquid storax of commerce, product of altogether different eastern tree . . . talmud contains several references storax plant , product. of course in connection preparation of holy incense temple services. ancient book of jubilees, part of dead sea scroll collection found in qumran, makes reference storax. carroll , siler says septuagint’s translation in error because seems unlikely nataph form of myrrh . . . seems translation in septuagint stacte made because both nataph , stacte mean drip . . . storax tree seems more likely. our word storax may come hebrew tsori.

benzoin (styrax benzoin syn. styrax tonkinensis) close relative of , of same genus styrax officinalis above. in commentary on exodus 30:34 frederic charles cook wrote “it seems no means unlikely stacte here mentioned gum known benzoin, or gum benjamin, important ingredient in incense used in churches , mosks, , produce of storax-tree (styrax benzoin) grows in java , sumatra.

benzoin has history steeped in antiquity , once employed ancient egyptians in art of perfumery , incense. apothecary of shemot (book of exodus) have been familiar aromatic uses. compounds identified in benzoin resin detected in archaeological organic residue egyptian ceramic censer, proving resin used 1 of components of mixture of organic materials burned incense in ancient egypt. morfit writes priests of memphis burned benzoin incense every morning. name benzoin derived arabic lubān jāwī (لبان جاوي, javan frankincense ); compare mid-eastern terms gum benjamin , benjoin . h.j. abrahams states use of benzoin in biblical incense not inconceivable since syro-arabian tribes maintained extensive trade routes prior hellenism. benzoin available via import biblical lands during old testament era.

the hindustanis use benzoin burn in temples-which strong , mcclintoch write circumstance in favor of hypothesis stacte of exodus storax.

many scholars cite styrax officinalis biblical storax, yield of resin produced s. officinalis, if produced @ all, extremely small. large amounts of stacte needed liturgical purposes, in first temple period, seem have necessitated import of storax have met demand. styrax benzoin yields larger yield of resin , fill need quite adequately. mentioned above, styrax benzoin close relative of , of same genus styrax officinalis. herodotus of halicarnassus in 5th century bc indicates different kinds of storax traded. gamaliel said stacte nothing more sap drips branches of balsam tree. balsam term has been used variety of pleasantly scented vegetable gums contain benzoic acid such contained in gum benzoin gum benzoin tree.

dioscordes describes 2 kinds of stacte; 1 derived myrrh , 1 derived storax. refers “another called gabirea ...it yields stacte.” houtman writes stacte refers myrrh, used other types of gums.

rosenmeuller records “the greeks called stacte, species of storax gum, dioscorides describes, transparent tear, , resembling myrrh.” in orphic hymns, greek word storax στόρακας or στόρακα.

one ancient egyptian perfume formula (1200 bc) consisted of “storax, labdanum, galbanum, frankincense, myrrh, cinnamon, cassia, honey, raisins.”

the book of ecclesiasticus lists storax 1 of ingredients when alluding sacred incense of biblical tabernacle.

myrrh extract , benzoin mixed possibility. myrrh in antiquity , classical times seldom myrrh alone mix of myrrh , other oil. stacte may have been light myrrh (described above) scented benzoin.

according rosenmuller stacte myrrh , oil mixed together. 1 definition of “myrrh” in merriam-webster dictionary myrrh mixed aromatic oil. writers in antiquity , classical times refer “mixed myrrh” , “scented myrrh.” 1 kind of myrrh described dioscorides stacte, composition of myrrh , other ingredient. in place wrote stacte mix of 2 fats (the first natural exudations of myrrh referred “the fat of fresh myrrh”) included storax (referred storax in antiquity). dioscordes defining stacte styrax , substance , in place myrrh , substance seems bring myrrh , storax .

the book of eccesiasticus (sirach) 24:15 alludes sacred incense speaking of “a pleasant odour best myrrh, galbanum, , onyx, , sweet storax,[in antiquity styrax referred storax] , fume of frankincense in tabernacle.” either myrrh treated storax or time of first temple period fifth ingredient added ketoret. myrrh may have been treated storax or storax oil further enhance fragrance. frederic charles cook s commentary on exodus 30:34 says seems no means unlikely benzoin part of incense of exodus 30. centuries, myrrh has been scented styrax benzoin, particularly in middle east, scent private homes , places of worship.

opobalsamum / mecca myrrh

opobalsamum (commiphora opobalsamum [l.] engl. mecca myrrh) rare type of myrrh in genus commiphora. writers believe stacte derived balsam tree, commiphora opobalsamum, known kataf in talmud, grows wild in yemen , around mecca. revised standard version places opobalsamum in margin exodus 30:34. commiphora genus, opobalsamum relative of official myrrh known commiphora myrrha , produces myrrh resin known mecca myrrh. irenaeus referred “myrrh called opobalsumum.” juice exudes spontaneously during heat of summer, in resinous drops, @ other times process helped making incisions in bark. historically has produced pleasant aromatic resin many alleged medicinal properties. resin has strong fragrant smell, of lemon or citron flavour, scent of vanilla, , bitter, astringent aroma of commiphora myrrha.

liquidambar

it believed liquidambar stacte of antiquity.this ancient product discovered in king tut s tomb.