GRB 990123 Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

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gamma ray burst 990123 (23 january 1999) 1 of brightest bursts recorded @ time, , first grb optical afterglow observed during prompt gamma ray emission (a reverse shock flash). allowed astronomers measure redshift of 1.6 , distance of 3.2 gpc. combining measured energy of burst in gamma-rays , distance, total emitted energy assuming isotropic explosion deduced , resulted in direct conversion of approximately 2 solar masses energy. convinced community grb afterglows resulted highly collimated explosions, reduced needed energy budget.







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