Events Red Power movement

1 events

1.1 occupation of alcatraz
1.2 occupation of d-q university
1.3 trail of broken treaties
1.4 wounded knee
1.5 list of occupations red power activists

events

from 1969 longest walk of 1978, red power movement highlighted issues through social protest. goals federal government honor treaty obligations , provide financial resources, education, housing , healthcare alleviate poverty. rpm wanted gain indian participation in social institutions; instrumental in supporting founding of indian colleges, creation of indian studies programs @ existing institutions, , establishment of museums , cultural centers celebrate indian contributions.

the 1960s marked beginning of native american renaissance in literature. new books such vine deloria, jr. s custer died sins (1969) , classic black elk speaks (1961), reprinted 1930s, reached millions of readers inside , outside indian communities. wide variety of indian writers, historians, , essayists gained publication following these successes , new authors read. n. scott momaday won pulitzer prize 1 of novels , leslie silko received acclaim. fiction , nonfiction works indian life , lore have continued attract large audience. authors such louise erdrich , michael dorris have earned continued recognition. since late twentieth century, novels sherman alexie have been adapted film well.

occupation of alcatraz

the occupation of alcatraz began on november 20, 1969 when more 80 young, college aged american indians, identified indians of tribes(iat) boarded boats approach , occupy alcatraz island overnight. young american indians settled legal backing of sioux treaty named federal out of use land available indians. federal government had closed alcatraz federal prison , island no longer in use of 1962. treaty used send message treaties still relevant , should honored.

sign in alcatraz (1969)

the occupation had been planned ahead of time adam norwall, successful indian businessman, , richard oakes, san francisco state student. 2 agreed , told sympathetic media outlets plan take on alcatraz @ dinner party hosted san fransisco chronicle reporter tim findley. threatened if there leaks of story early, plan occupy alcatraz called off. first attempt, on november 9, 1969—the date media had been told—resulted in circling island in boat media coverage on bay area. although did not begin occupation night, oakes jumped off of circling boat others followed , swam alcatraz. after making alcatraz, young indians removed coast guard night in larger numbers on november 20.

alcatraz proclamation: great white father , people

during occupation, iat released statement called alcatraz proclamation explained indians had right alcatraz island due right discovery. proclamation continued onto describing deserted prison island comparable conditions of indian reservations. iat joined national indian youth council(niyc) during alcatraz movement , growing group of young, educated, , passionate american indians made presence known in media. richard oakes became public figure occupation , participated in press conferences releases of documents such alcatraz proclamation , goals island included building cultural centers, educational facilities, , recreational spaces indians indians.

the occupation of alcatraz ended after series of disorienting events on island. january 1970 death of richard oakes 13-year-old stepdaughter due falling building brought richard , wife anne mainland. of student occupiers went school when oakes left. problem of drug , alcohol abuse became prominent on island, affected occupations reputation. remaining leaders john trudell, lanada means, , stella leach, not end agreeing on way further develop occupation. electricity , water being cut off island may, , suspicious fire burned 3 buildings further factors led dismantling of occupation. protestors continued depart island during downward spiral. on june 11, 1971 large amount of police officers used force remove remaining few protestors.

although protesters failed achieve specific goals, helped catalyze indian community. occupation of alcatraz, participant said, got our worth, our pride, our dignity, our humanity.

occupation of d-q university

with young, college aged students @ center of many red power movement protests, pursuit of higher education, particularly american indians became main initiative. in 1970, while alcatraz occupation still occurring, group of indian youth took on military surplus land near davis, california. these youth had applied land denied access after uc davis granted access, regardless of uc davis legally incomplete application. in retaliation, youth hopped fences onto property leading establishment , occupation of d-q university. d-q university became first tribal university established in california, , first not affiliated single reservation. deed granted student occupation in april 1971. since then, d-q university became part of tribal colleges , universities , received accreditation in 1977. curriculum of d-q university included cultural , traditional focused education in order educate indians indians. university struggled keep enrollment rates , secure funding, resulted in ultimate loss of accreditation in 2005. however, occupation created d-q university highlighted importance of higher education american indians red power movement.

trail of broken treaties

bia seal

in august 1972, red power movement continued under direction of american indian movement(aim) trail of broken treaties. trail of broken treaties, play on trail of tears, migration of 7 caravans areas across west coast bureau of indian affairs (bia) in washington d.c. bia had become associated corruption , not acting in best interest of american indians. protestors started arriving in d.c. on november 1 intent of bringing list of twenty demands bia. upon arrival, activists , gsa security had misunderstanding activists being housed in bia building. resulted in activists overpowering security , taking on building. american indians barricaded doors, furniture bia had broken apart, , occupation began on november 2, 1972. occupation of bia had started week before presidential election, making d.c. occupation center of media attention. threats of police force used daily against indians if did not come out. supporters outside of occupation come bia create human barricade keeping police entering occupied building. on november 6, judge had given order occupiers vacate building before 6 pm day or forcibly evicted. indians braced eviction, exited building create perimeter around clubs, spears , other weaponry resist. others inside building rumored have guns , explosives awaiting invasion of gsa officials. spokesman of occupation, russel means, spoke on front stairs of bia explaining occupation end when demands had been met, , no time sooner. deadline indians leave pushed yet again november 8. before date, indian lawyers had discovered evidence abolish bia exposure of corruption , misuse of program. on november 8, protestors left bia building paintings, artifacts, , $2 million dollars worth of damage.

wounded knee

the wounded knee incident started on february 27, 1973 , lasted 71 days. more 200 indians in support of oglala sioux people of pine ridge reservation took on town of wounded knee, south dakota. oglala sioux civil rights organization (oscro), group of full-indian women lived on pine ridge reservation had been unsuccessful in trial impeach dick wilson, chairman of oglala sioux tribal council. critics of wilson claimed close white people, cozy government, , disrespecting oglala sioux culture. enraged wilson had not been impeached, oscro continued gather , brainstorm response. decided ask aim in reacting felt injustice. aim in picture, occupying wounded knee final decision.

wounded knee chosen tribute wounded knee massacre of 1890, hundreds of lakota indians killed 7th cavalry regiment in reported efforts disarm indians. historical remembrance of massacre, town had visitor trade posts dedicated grave sites of indians many indians thought disrespectful , used commercial purposes. owners of trade posts sell native indian crafts more had bought them , had history of racism towards local indians. occupiers attacked trade posts first accumulate ammunitions , weaponry held there. occupation formed deliver message american indians not sit around peacefully treaties broken, unfair trials given, , land ceded. federal agents gathered around wounded knee while occupiers host events media cover in order promote message. throughout occupation of wounded knee, protestors , federal agents have shootouts @ night. indians shooting inside wounded knee , federal agents outside perimeter had formed. these shootouts, 2 indians killed , 1 federal agent permanently paralyzed. death of second indian, pine ridge reservation , oglala sioux, buddy lamont, led many indians seek end violent occupation. on may 8, 1973 american indians surrendered surrounding federal agents after 10 weeks. russell means, 1 of more recognized leaders of aim, negotiated u.s. forces release hostages on premises u.s. senate foreign relations committee hold hearings on indian treaties broken u.s. government investigations of bureau of indian affairs , members attention living conditions @ pine ridge.

this event not significant because 1 of first violent acts initiated first natives, led generations of indians getting involved in civil rights , tribal affairs. nixon administration had earlier declared had wanted end revolutionary indian element , because many natives took notice , began make changes in local governments controlling reservations, administration failed end protests , stopped trying interfere.

russell means , dennis banks, 2 aim leaders in charge of wounded knee ii, arrested after hostages released. however, on september 16, 1973, charges dropped , dismissed on account u.s. government had unlawfully influenced witnesses , tampered evidence. violence of these types of protests continued through rest of 1970 s.

list of occupations red power activists

occupation of alcatraz- san francisco, ca (1969)
occupations of argonne national laboratory, wrigley field, belmont harbor nike - chicago, il (early 1970s)
occupation of winter dam- winter, wi (1971)
occupation of abandoned nike missile field- richmond, ca (1971)
occupation of abandoned coast guard station- milwaukee, wi (1971)
occupation of bia- washington d.c. (1972)
occupation of wounded knee- wounded knee, sd (1973)




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