Cybernetics Systems theory

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cybernetics study of communication , control of regulatory feedback both in living , lifeless systems (organisms, organizations, machines), , in combinations of those. focus how (digital, mechanical or biological) controls behavior, processes information, reacts information, , changes or can changed better accomplish 3 primary tasks.


the terms systems theory , cybernetics have been used synonyms. authors use term cybernetic systems denote proper subset of class of general systems, namely systems include feedback loops. gordon pask s differences of eternal interacting actor loops (that produce finite products) makes general systems proper subset of cybernetics. according jackson (2000), von bertalanffy promoted embryonic form of general system theory (gst) 1920s , 1930s not until 1950s became more known in scientific circles.


threads of cybernetics began in late 1800s led toward publishing of seminal works (e.g., wiener s cybernetics in 1948 , von bertalanffy s general systems theory in 1968). cybernetics arose more engineering fields , gst biology. if appears although 2 mutually influenced each other, cybernetics had greater influence. von bertalanffy (1969) makes point of distinguishing between areas in noting influence of cybernetics: systems theory identified cybernetics , control theory. again incorrect. cybernetics theory of control mechanisms in technology , nature founded on concepts of information , feedback, part of general theory of systems; reiterates: model of wide application should not identified systems theory in general , , warning necessary against incautious expansion fields concepts not made. (17-23). jackson (2000) claims von bertalanffy informed alexander bogdanov s 3 volume tectology published in russia between 1912 , 1917, , translated german in 1928. states clear gorelik (1975) conceptual part of general system theory (gst) had first been put in place bogdanov. similar position held mattessich (1978) , capra (1996). ludwig von bertalanffy never mentioned bogdanov in works, capra (1996) finds surprising .


cybernetics, catastrophe theory, chaos theory , complexity theory have common goal explain complex systems consist of large number of mutually interacting , interrelated parts in terms of interactions. cellular automata (ca), neural networks (nn), artificial intelligence (ai), , artificial life (alife) related fields, not try describe general (universal) complex (singular) systems. best context compare different c -theories complex systems historical, emphasizes different tools , methodologies, pure mathematics in beginning pure computer science now. since beginning of chaos theory when edward lorenz accidentally discovered strange attractor computer, computers have become indispensable source of information. 1 not imagine study of complex systems without use of computers today.







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