Vertebrates Kleptoparasitism

1 vertebrates

1.1 birds
1.2 mammals

1.2.1 humans


1.3 reptiles

1.3.1 crocodiles , alligators

vertebrates

this gull attempting steal food sea otter


birds

kleptoparasitism relatively uncommon in birds. however, non-passerine groups, such skuas, jaegers , frigatebirds, rely extensively on such behavior obtain food, , others—including raptors, gulls, terns, coots, , ducks , shorebirds—will opportunistically. among opportunistic species such roseate tern, research has found parent birds involved in kleptoparasitism more successful in raising broods non-kleptoparasitic individuals. bald eagles have been seen attacking smaller raptors, such ospreys, steal fish away them. among passerine birds, there fewer known examples of kleptoparasitism, though masked shrikes have been recorded stealing food wheatears, , eurasian blackbirds have been seen stealing smashed snails other thrushes.

western gull (larus occidentalis) in pursuit of elegant tern (thalasseus elegans)



flying cormorant has taken fish 1 in water

skuas (including smaller species known jaegers in north america) masters of piracy. victims typically gulls , terns, though other fish-eating species (including auks) pursued until disgorge catches. fact skuas swift , agile fliers—and gang on single victim—aid in success rate.

during seabird nesting seasons, frigatebirds soar above seabird colonies, waiting parent birds return nests food young. returning birds approach colony, frigatebirds (which fast , agile) drop down , pursue them vigorously; have been known seize tropicbirds long tail plumes. many of frigatebirds colloquial names, including man-o -war bird , pirate of sea, clear reference kleptoparasitic behaviour. study of kleptoparasitism in magnificent frigatebird suggests amount of food obtained kleptoparasitism may marginal.

intraspecific kleptoparasitism occurs between gulls

gulls perpetrators victims of kleptoparasitism, species exhibiting behavior, particularly during breeding season. while victim member of same species, other (principally smaller) gulls , terns targeted. in americas, heermann s gulls, , laughing gulls known steal food brown pelicans; pelicans surface , empty water bills, gulls lurk nearby , grab escaping food items. several species of gull steal food humans, example takeaway food @ seaside resorts.

several species of coots , gallinules have been recorded engaging in kleptoparasitism. american coots feed in company of other waterfowl species, , rob diving ducks—including ring-necked ducks, redheads , canvasback—when surface food. eurasian coots steal conspecifics, diving , dabbling ducks, , swans. allen s gallinules rob both conspecifics , african pygmy geese.

mammals

the relationship between spotted hyenas , lions, in each species steals other s kills, form of kleptoparasitism. cheetahs targets of kleptoparasitism. bears, coyotes , wolves opportunistic , have behavior. hyena species engage in behavior when can, , jackals steal other carnivores kills. sperm whales steal fish fishermen s lines, making them largest of kleptoparasites.

humans

human intraspecific kleptoparasitism (humans taking food other humans) common in times of famine.

humans take milk mammals such cows, goats, sheep, horses, , camels, , honey bees.

in falconry, humans use trained birds of prey hunting. humans use tethered cormorants fishing.

one researcher saw humans chasing lions captured prey in waza national park, cameroon in 2006. interviews bororo herdsmen suggest behaviour, possibly contributes declining lion populations in park, more widespread recognised.

reptiles
crocodiles , alligators

various crocodiles steal food other animals: nile crocodile known steal big cats , hyenas.