Biology Einkorn wheat

1 biology

1.1 growth, development , physiology
1.2 pests , diseases
1.3 genetic preconditions breeding , breeding aims

biology

the kernels of einkorn wheat inside these spikelets.


growth, development , physiology

it exists more 5000 accessions of einkorn, high variation in traits, few cultivated today. there significant differences between locations , among samples of different origin traits. in general, heading date earlier einkorns continental europe mediterranean countries. in southern europe kernels of einkorns seem have bigger weight of northern regions, , number of spikelets per spike increased south north.

one of main characteristics of einkorn presence of tough glumes remain attached grain after threshing. einkorn has dark-green, weakly pubescent coleoptiles, contain anthocyans. plant tall (60–130 cm), can cause increased risk of lodging (falling down or breaking of stalk of plants caused wind, rain, or other events in field). has semi-erect posture @ tillering , erected posture heading stage until maturity. has many tillers.

einkorn has long growth cycle, compared other cultivated wheat species. typical inbreeder, outcrossing observed.

pests , diseases

einkorn, particularly populations in mediterran group, has many traits of resistance fungal diseases, under stem rust, leaf rust, stripe rust, powdery mildew, common bunt, loose smut, fusarium culmorum, root rot, eyespot , scab. accessions found have resistance genes against cereal cyst nematode , root lesion nematode. einkorn interesting source of resistance hessian fly, fruit fly , aphids.

genetic preconditions breeding , breeding aims

the utilization of einkorn limited hulledness , low yield. however, use expected increase in future, genes of cultivated einkorn cope new wheat diseases through use of genetic resistances. despite being potential source of many resistances, low crossability durum , bread wheat has considerably limited breeding use these species. problem overcome using tetraploid einkorn amphiploids, created use of colchicine. that, transfer of useful traits einkorn cultivated wheats , triticale became easier.

einkorn used in many breeding programs. icarda (international center agricultural research in dry areas) uses improve rust resistance, earliness , vigor in durum wheat. agricultural research institute of hungarian academy of sciences wants transfer biotic stresses resistance , frost tolerance bread wheat. breeding programs in canada, germany, italy or other european countries aim produce new einkorn lines higher yields, free threshing , adapted modern cultivation systems. australian scientists have succeeded in breeding salt-tolerance feature of t. monococcum durum wheat.

einkorn can used model wheat genomic studies because of small diploid genome facilitates genetic dissection of phenotype-genotype relationships. therefore, play important role qtl mapping , gene discovery.

the genetic diversity of einkorn threatened disappearance in countries. conservation programs have developed protect diversity.