Background Manassas Campaign

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the confederate forces in northern virginia organized 2 field armies. brigadier general p. g. t. beauregard appointed commander of confederate army of potomac in northeastern virginia defend rail center of manassas junction; while general joseph e. johnston commanded army of shenandoah near harpers ferry in shenandoah valley. manassas gap railroad connected 2 forces , allowed quick transfer of reinforcements between 2 armies. during months of june , july, beauregard sent confederate president jefferson davis several proposals offensive operations maryland, involving various confederate armies in virginia, davis rejected them being impractical, saying confederates lacked proper resources support of offensive plans.


following union occupation of alexandria, virginia, union forces in virginia organized department of northeastern virginia, commanded brigadier general irvin mcdowell, ordered advance on confederate national capital of richmond, virginia. meanwhile, robert patterson assigned command department of pennsylvania , ordered tie down johnston s forces in northern shenandoah valley, preventing him reinforcing beauregard. patterson advanced valley in june, forcing evacuation of harpers ferry on june 17. johnston retreated town of winchester, reinforced home guard units , local militia, caused patterson think outhumbered. during time, patterson having difficulty receiving supplies pennsylvania; regiments of three–month volunteers nearing end of enlistments , refusing stay longer. union general–in–chief, brevet lieutenant general winfield scott, pressing him send regular army units mcdowell s army.


during months of june , july, armies of mcdowell , beauregard engaged in several skirmishes in northeastern virginia while union government , military leadership debated proper course of action mcdowell take. scott favored concentrating union army capture mississippi river valley, while mcdowell viewed army inexperienced attack beauregard yet. due pressure u.s. president abraham lincoln , union press, mcdowell started campaign against manassas junction on july 17. johnston received orders next day start transferring army manassas junction reinforce beauregard; using manassas gap railroad, army arrived on july 20 , 21.








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