Examples of paraphyletic groups Paraphyly

wasps paraphyletic, consisting of clade apocrita without ants , bees, not considered wasps.



the prokaryotes (single-celled life forms without cell nuclei), because exclude eukaryotes, descendant group. bacteria , archaea prokaryotes, archaea , eukaryotes share common ancestor not ancestral bacteria. prokaryote/eukaryote distinction proposed edouard chatton in 1937 , accepted after being adopted roger stanier , c.b. van niel in 1962. botanical code (the icbn, icn) abandoned consideration of bacterial nomenclature in 1975; currently, prokaryotic nomenclature regulated under icnb starting date of january 1, 1980 (in contrast 1753 start date under icbn/icn).
dicotyledons (in traditional sense) paraphyletic because group excludes monocotyledons. dicotyledon has not been used icbn classification decades, allowed synonym of magnoliopsida. phylogenetic analysis indicates monocots development dicot ancestor. excluding monocots dicots makes latter paraphyletic group.
the order artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates), because excludes cetaceans (whales, dolphins, etc.). in iczn code, 2 taxa orders of equal rank. molecular studies, however, have shown cetacea descend artiodactyl ancestors, although precise phylogeny within order remains uncertain. without cetacean descendants artiodactyls must paraphyletic.
the class reptilia traditionally defined, because excludes birds (class aves) , mammals. in iczn code, 3 taxa classes of equal rank. however, mammals hail synapsids (which once described mammal-like reptiles ) , birds descended dinosaurs (a group of diapsida), both of reptiles.
alternatively, reptiles paraphyletic because gave rise (only) birds. birds , reptiles make sauropsids.
osteichthyes, bony fish, paraphyletic when include actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) , sarcopterygii (lungfish, etc.). however, tetrapods descendants of nearest common ancestor of actinopterygii , sarcopterygii, , tetrapods not in osteichthyes defined in way, group paraphyletic.
the wasps paraphyletic, consisting of narrow-waisted apocrita without ants , bees.

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