Social and political policy Arturo Frondizi

1 social , political policy

1.1 introduction
1.2 government , relationship labor
1.3 educational reforms
1.4 conclusion

social , political policy
introduction

the frondizis in 1960

during developmentalist years, frondizi focused social policy on relationship between state , trade unions, largest of (the cgt) had been in government receivership since 1956. backbone of peronist movement , perón referred it, frondizi s rappraochment cgt designed distance powerful union, south america s largest, peronism. trade union leaders, however, remained extremely loyal perón, due gratitude past policies, expectation of power wield if perón s return took place.

following perón s fall in 1955, loyalty continued intact. perón, in exile , stapped funds, still wielded control on movement , on trade unions. new peronism emerged, resistance peronism, based on strikes , violent manifestations trade unions against state, , main objective destabilize government not peronist. following relatively calm 1958, perón s agreement frondizi soured when latter opened oil exploration contracts foreign bidders, , particularly during alsogaray s winter of 1959. constant resistance of organised labor provoked increasing friction military, threatened president coup no less 26 times (not including 6 attempts renegade generals).

although in theory, frondizi s administration wanted avoid state intervention, , encourage progressive social policy, failed democratize trade unions, of leadership , systems inherited perón s system.

education controversial policy aspect. frondizi s administration not changed curriculum; opened education private sector, including parochial schools. policies discouraged youth organizations, many of peronist legacy, or represented far-left, or far-right, agendas. other reforms backed frondizi until 1958 campaign, such legalization of divorce (briefly accomplished perón, in 1954-55), sidestepped in interest of placating conservatives.

the government , relationship labor

textile workers leader andrés framini, talks frondizi resulted in lifting of federal control on cgt

after fall of peronist regime in 1955 vital structure, cgt, union of trade unions, came under receivership military government, displacing leadership. anti-peronist policy lead massive strikes , other types of resistance rank-and-file. @ time, frondizi s position against military control , in favour of united trade union (frondizi non-peronist politician favoured option), , made trade unions sympathetic him, initially.

when frondizi took office, fulfilled promise of maintaining united cgt. 3 groups of trade unions operated under cgt umbrella @ time, , idea fiercely opposed 32s , 19s, since 1 centralized trade union mean, in practice, workers movement controlled peronists. government faced 2 options, 1 election in proportional representation system used; other option electoral system hand control of trade unions majority (peronist). frondizi reversed aramburu s attempts de-peronize labor, promptly returning 6 unions peronist leadership, , appointing 1 of own, alfredo allende, labor minister.

to satisfy peronist demands , avoid short term conflict, frondizi issued new wage guidelines calling 60% raise in collective bargaining contracts, , control of cgt given majority faction. nevertheless, during 1958 62s supported government , tried reduce working conflict. on other hand, 19s , 32s opposed government encouraging strikes , other workers demonstrations. in context of economy minister alsogaray s shock treatment , ensuing inflation, contracts had been frozen law in 1958 meant real salaries, had been sliding since perón s fall in 1955, fell further.

during 1959 situation dramatically changed. government issued law 9270/56 of professional association defined relationship between state, employers , trade unions. law among other things, allowed state intervene in trade unions when considered necessary, use of force. new law alarmed peronists, since undermined control on trade unions, , represented threat so-called democratic trade unions (non peronist), since law stated cgt governed majority factions. faction gaining control of cgt during 1960 20s, leader, textile union leader andrés framini, least willing accept form of government receivership on cgt s governing board. following series of meetings frondizi , president s political point man, internal affairs minister alfredo vítolo, framini obtained lifting of federal receivership on cgt in march 1961.

educational reforms

opponents of proposed educational reform law (a bill sponsored religious institutions) protest in front of congress (1958)

following university reform of 1918, argentine education, @ university level, became more independent of government, influential catholic church. church began re-emerge in country s secular educational system during perón s rule, when catechism reintroduced in public schools, , parochial institutions began receiving subsidies. sudden reversal in policy in 1954 helped lead perón s violent overthrow, however, after earlier, pro-clerical policies reinstated aramburu.

frondizi opposed aramburu s law 6403 of 1955, advanced private education generally, , parochial, or more often, catholic-run schools (those staffed lay teachers), in particular. confident new policy upheld, church supporters founded argentine catholic university. ucri campaigned against policy, though when frondizi took office, shifted in favor of further, pro-clerical reforms, referred free education. opposed many in own party, , president of university of buenos aires (his brother, risieri), frondizi open motivation policy change, declaring need support of church.

the educational freedom law, signed in 1959, freed private universities limits imposed 1885 avellaneda law, forbad them issuing official degrees directly, through public university. law led controversy because of new universities , private schools, become eligible state subsidies, religious. supporters applauded frondizi’s vision of private universities co-exist public ones, , seen progressive measure. in favour of strictly secular educational system believed law concession given church in exchange support, however, , became disillusioned pragmatic frondizi.

frondizi, however, advanced other educational reforms dovetail economic policy. administration incorporated national workers university network of campuses (technical schools inaugurated perón in 1948) national university aegis, established utn system in 1959, , opened numerous new campuses. utn became leading alma mater argentine engineers in subsequent decades.

conclusion

the social aspect of frondizi s government influenced more pressure groups own initiative. although of measures can understood part of progressive movement, conservative, intended maintain status quo established previous military government.

his administration enacted numerous progressive measures despite ongoing military threats of coup, including lifting of government receivership on cgt trade union leadership in 1961, , opening of education private sector. financed religious education, intervened in trade unions when needed, , arrested trade union leaders. conintes plan in 1960 shy of martial law; frondizi avoided implementing measures, although supported military. before 1960 mid-term elections, banned communist party of argentina , other parties , groups on far left. used justify surveillance , arrests during 1961 bay of pigs invasion crisis, when communist elements , radical leftists within own coalition began demanding action in support of cuba.