Iraqi Kurds after the US-led Invasion of 2003 Kurds in Iraq

1 iraqi kurds after us-led invasion of 2003

1.1 article 140
1.2 disputed territories
1.3 additional political problems
1.4 2014 northern iraq offensive

iraqi kurds after us-led invasion of 2003

the invaded iraq in order take down saddam hussein s regime , dissolve threats of weapons of mass destruction.although after invasion, no evidence of mass destruction weapons has been found prove claim. after fall of regime, united states government, of ethnic leaders had confront 3 issues: nature of future iraqi government, how shia representation achieved in government, , how sunni re-enfranchisement managed. different opinions emerged on whether iraqi government should centralized or not, how should respond civil conflict between arabs , kurds, , how previous promises kurdish , iraqi people achieved in future state.

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kurdish people have played important role in iraqi state building since united states invaded in 2003. many kurds seek build autonomous federal state in post-huessein era, however, solution kurdish problems in iraq not mentioned in 2004 un resolution established iraq s interim government.

article 140

article 140 of 2005 iraqi constitution vowed place disputed areas under jurisdiction of kurdistan regional government (krg) end of 2007. 3 phases going aid process normalization, census, , referendum. normalization phase supposed undo arabization policies kurds faced 1968 2003 designed alter demographic in city of kirkuk , other disputed areas favor arab population. these policies included deportation, displacement, house demolition, , property confiscation. institutionalized boundaries result of past gerrymandering reversed. after normalization process, census talk place , populous choose governed either krg or baghdad.

article 140 not implemented 2007. @ time presidency council recommended reattach detached districts of kirkuk. chemchamal , kalar districts allocated suleimaniya governorate in 1976 retrnutned kirkuk. kifri, annexed diyala governorate in 1976 rettached, although has been under kurdish control since 1991. lastly, tuz district rettached salah ad-din district. in 2008, 140 committee announced inaction on these initiatives.

in 2008, iraqi, kurdish , governments came consensus these types of reparations kurdish people not able carried out without further negotiations , political agreements on boundaries.

disputed territories

disputed internal boundaries have been core concern arabs , kurds, since invasion , political restructuring in 2003. kurds gained territory south of iraqi kurdistan after us-led invasion in 2003 regain land considered historically theirs.

one of major problems in trying implement article 140 discrepancy in definition of disputed area . article refers regions go through normalization process kirkuk , other disputed area . in 2003 kursdish negotiator mahmud othman suggested kurdish majority areas below green line attached krg immediately, , mixed areas should questioned on case-by-case basis. sunnis felt if kurds should gain no additional land result of invasion. reattaching kirkuk districts reflect 1975 boundaries posed many problems iraqis , brought along unintended consequences.

additional political problems

the government faced many problems trying implement article 140. not ideal form of reparation many kurds. after being displaced, many formerly kurdish regions lacked in development , agricultural upkeep. educational , economic opportunities greater kurds outside of these disputed territories, many people did not want forced return.

2014 northern iraq offensive

disputed areas in iraq prior 2014 northern iraq offensive.

during 2014 northern iraq offensive, iraqi kurdistan seized city of kirkuk , surrounding area, of disputed territories in northern iraq.