Taxonomy Canis

1 taxonomy

1.1 canini
1.2 canis
1.3 evolution

taxonomy
canini

the tribe canini (fischer de waldheim, 1817) sister group true foxes (vulpes), , represented today 2 sub-tribes: canina, includes genus canis (wolves, jackals, coyote, , domestic dog), dhole , african wild dog; , cerdocyonina, includes so-called foxes of south america. critical features mark canini monophyletic group include: consistent enlargement of frontal sinus, accompanied correlated loss of depression in dorsal surface of postorbital process; posterior expansion of paroccipital process; enlargement of mastoid process; , lack of lateral flare of orbital border of zygoma.

canis

the genus canis (carl linnaeus, 1758) published in 10th edition of systema naturae , included dog-like carnivores: domestic dog, wolves, coyotes , jackals. species within canis phylogenetically closely related 78 chromosomes , can potentially interbreed.

evolution

the fossil record shows feliforms , caniforms emerged within super-family carnivoramorpha 43 million ybp. caniforms included fox-like genus leptocyon various species existed 34 million ybp before branching 11.9 million ybp vulpes (foxes) , canini (canines). jackal-sized eucyon existed in north america 10 million ybp , pliocene 6-5 million ybp coyote-like eucyon davisi invaded eurasia. in north america gave rise canis first appeared in miocene (6 million ybp) in south-western usa , mexico. 5 million ybp larger canis lepophagus appeared in same region.

skulls of dire wolf (c. dirus), gray wolf (c. lupus), eastern wolf (c. lycaon), red wolf (c. rufus), coyote (c. latrans), african golden wolf (c. anthus), golden jackal (c. aureus) , black-backed jackal (c. mesomelas)

the canids had emigrated north america eurasia – eucyon, vulpes, , nyctereutes – small medium-sized predators during late miocene , pliocene not top predators. position of canids change arrival of canis become dominant predator across holarctic. wolf-sized c. chihilensis appeared in northern china in mid-pliocene around 4-3 million ybp. followed explosion of canis evolution across eurasia in pleistocene around 1.8 million ybp in commonly referred wolf event. associated formation of mammoth steppe , continental glaciation. canis spread europe in forms of c. arnensis, c. etruscus, , c. falconeri. 1 study found diversity of canis group decreased end of pleistocene middle pleistocene , limited in eurasia small wolves of canis mosbachensis–canis variabilis group , large hypercarnivorous canis (xenocyon) lycaonoides.

see further: evolution of canids




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